Over the past decade, Africa has witnessed a concerning trend of increasing forced displacement, predominantly driven by conflict, resulting in a staggering total of over 40 million people displaced up to date. In an exclusive interview with the Former Minister of State of Ghana Hon. Elvis Afriyie Ankrah, Special Advisor for Peace and Security for the United Africa Royal Assembly, offers insights into the complexities of peace and security on our continent. Hon. Ankrah also sheds light on the valuable role of traditional and monarchical authorities in conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts, advocating for their recognition, involvement, and support in decision-making processes. Read on to find out Hon. Ankrah’s recommendations for collaborative and inclusive strategies to achieve lasting peace and stability on the continent.
What is the major peace security challenge facing the African Continent in this decade, and what are the implications?
The major challenge is the persistence of armed conflicts, particularly those fueled by political instability, ethnic tensions, and resource competition. These conflicts have profound implications for the region, including loss of life, displacement of populations, economic disruption, and hindrance to social development. Additionally, they create fertile ground for terrorism, extremism, and transnational crime, further exacerbating the security landscape and undermining efforts towards sustainable peace and development. The persistence of armed conflicts in Africa is evident from data provided by organizations such as the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), which reports that Africa has consistently accounted for a significant portion of the world’s armed conflicts. The implications of these conflicts are profound, as evidenced by the African Union’s Agenda 2063, which recognizes that insecurity undermines the continent’s socio-economic development goals. Additionally, historical examples such as the Rwandan Genocide and ongoing conflicts in countries like South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo highlight the devastating human toll and economic consequences of armed conflict in Africa.
What are the root causes of terrorism and violent extremism in Africa, and how can they be addressed to achieve long-lasting peace and stability?
The root causes are multifaceted and complex, often stemming from grievances related to governance failures, socioeconomic inequalities, marginalization of certain communities, and exploitation by external actors. Addressing these root causes requires a holistic approach that includes good governance, inclusive economic development, social cohesion, and respect for human rights. Emphasizing education, youth empowerment, and community engagement are also essential to counter extremist ideologies and build resilience against radicalization. Root causes of terrorism and violent extremism in Africa can be traced back to historical factors such as colonialism, which disrupted traditional governance structures and sowed the seeds of ethnic tensions and social inequalities. Economic disparities and marginalization of certain communities have been exacerbated by neoliberal economic policies and uneven development, leading to feelings of alienation and grievances. These factors contribute to the appeal of extremist ideologies, as demonstrated by the emergence of groups like Boko Haram in Nigeria and Al-Shabaab in Somalia. Efforts to address these root causes must draw on lessons learned from successful initiatives, such as community-driven development programs in Kenya’s Coast region, which have been effective in countering radicalization.
“Unless local approaches that incorporate tactics beyond kinetic counterterrorism are included in strategies to prevent violent extremism, Africa’s many national and regional efforts will fail to deliver sustainable and credible peace.” Do you agree with this statement and why?
Yes, I agree with the statement. While kinetic counterterrorism measures are necessary to address immediate security threats, they are insufficient on their own to achieve sustainable peace. To effectively prevent violent extremism, strategies must incorporate local approaches that address underlying grievances, promote community resilience, and empower local actors. By engaging communities in dialogue, addressing socioeconomic disparities, and fostering social cohesion, we can create conditions conducive to long-term peace and stability. The importance of incorporating local approaches in strategies to prevent violent extremism is underscored by research findings that highlight the limitations of purely military responses. For example, a study by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) found that military interventions alone often fail to address the underlying grievances that drive extremism, leading to cycles of violence. Furthermore, historical examples, such as the failure of counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq, emphasize the need for holistic approaches that prioritize community engagement and address root causes.
In light of the limitations of government-led security force interventions in dislodging insurgents, how can local communities be engaged to develop inclusive and community-centered approaches to preventing and countering terrorism and violent extremism?
Engaging local communities is essential in developing inclusive and community-centered approaches to preventing and countering terrorism and violent extremism. This can be achieved through community-led initiatives, such as community policing, youth empowerment programs, and dialogue forums that facilitate communication and trust-building between communities and security forces. Additionally, efforts should focus on addressing root causes, such as poverty, marginalization, and lack of opportunities, which drive vulnerability to radicalization and recruitment by extremist groups. Engaging local communities in preventing and countering terrorism is essential for several reasons. Historical examples, such as the role of local militias in driving out Al-Qaeda from Anbar province in Iraq, demonstrate the effectiveness of community-based approaches in combating extremism. Additionally, research by organizations like the Global Center on Cooperative Security highlights the importance of community ownership and participation in security initiatives. By empowering local communities to take ownership of security issues, countries like Kenya have successfully disrupted terrorist networks and prevented attacks, as evidenced by the role of local vigilance groups in foiling Al-Shabaab plots.
How can the incorporation of Traditional and Monarchical Authorities be optimized in conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and security efforts at the local, regional, and international levels, and what specific recommendations do you propose to enhance their effectiveness in these roles?
While operations aided by foreign military forces can provide short-term security gains, they often come with limitations and risks, including potential civilian casualties, human rights abuses, and backlash from local communities. Therefore, they should be part of a broader strategy that emphasizes local ownership, capacity-building, and long-term solutions. Engaging international alliances should prioritize supporting African-led initiatives, strengthening regional cooperation, and providing technical assistance, training, and resources to enhance the capabilities of African security forces and institutions. Additionally, efforts should focus on addressing root causes of conflict, promoting good governance, and fostering sustainable development to create conditions conducive to lasting peace and security in Africa. The limitations and risks associated with foreign military interventions in Africa are evident from historical examples such as the backlash against Western intervention in Libya and the unintended consequences of the War on Terror in Somalia. Research by organizations such as the RAND Corporation has also highlighted the challenges of achieving lasting security gains through military means alone, citing the need for comprehensive strategies that address root causes of conflict. Furthermore, historical precedents, such as the success of African Union-led peacekeeping missions in Somalia and Mali, demonstrate the importance of regional ownership and coordination in peace and security efforts.
Given recent failures, and in some cases, backlash, do you think operations aided by foreign military forces are still relevant? What is the best approach to engaging international alliances to enhance lasting peace and security on the African continent?
Traditional and monarchical authorities play a crucial role in conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and security efforts at the local, regional, and international levels. Their legitimacy, influence, and deep-rooted connections within communities make them valuable partners in promoting reconciliation, mediation, and social cohesion. To optimize their incorporation, it is essential to recognize their authority, involve them in decision-making processes, provide capacity-building support, and ensure respect for their cultural practices and values. Additionally, fostering partnerships between traditional leaders, government institutions, civil society, and international organizations can enhance their effectiveness in peace and security efforts. Traditional and monarchical authorities have long played a central role in conflict resolution and governance in Africa, as evidenced by historical examples such as the Gacaca courts in Rwanda and the role of tribal elders in Somalia’s traditional justice system. Their legitimacy and influence within communities make them valuable partners in peacebuilding efforts, as recognized by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security, which calls for the inclusion of traditional leaders in peace processes. Moreover, research by organizations such as the International Peace Institute (IPI) highlights the importance of leveraging traditional conflict resolution mechanisms to complement formal justice systems and promote reconciliation.
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Honorable Elvis Afriyie Ankrah, is a Ghanaian Politician who previously served as the Minister of Minister for Youth and Sports. He is currently the Special Advisor for Peace and Security for the United Africa Royal Assembly, offers insights into the complexities of peace and security on our continent.
